Social science
Written section
Chapter 20 internal questions answers write in copy and learn also
1. What does PIL stand for?
- Answer: Public Interest Litigation
2. Who devised PIL in India?
- Answer: The Supreme Court
3. How can one initiate a PIL?
- Answer: By writing a letter or postcard to the High Court or Supreme Court.
4. What matters can be addressed through PIL?
- Answer: Matters of serious public importance.
5. What does the court do if it finds a PIL of public importance?
- Answer: Takes up and decides the case.
6. How does PIL benefit the poor and illiterate?
- Answer: Provides a means for them to seek justice.
7. Mention one historic PIL case.
- Answer: Sheela Barse vs State of Maharashtra, addressing custodial violence against women.
8. What environmental issue was addressed in Green Litigation PIL?
- Answer: Use of CNG in Delhi to combat vehicular pollution.
9. When was the first Lok Adalat held?
- Answer: 1985 in Delhi.
10. Who presides over a Lok Adalat, and what's unique about it?
- Answer: A retired judge. Disputing parties plead their case without advocates or witnesses, aiming for on-the-spot settlements.
Chapter 20 questions answers write in copy and learn also
D. Answer the following questions in brief.
1. What is meant by independence of judiciary? Give any two examples to prove that Indian Judiciary is independent.
Answer: Independence of judiciary means that the judiciary takes its decisions with its own wish, it is not based on caste system, rich or poor etc.
Two examples are:
The judges are appointed on the basis of their qualification.
The judges cannot be removed easily. There is a special procedure to remove them, called impeachment.
2. Differentiate between civil and criminal cases with the help of examples.
Answer: differentiate between civil and criminal cases are:
Civil cases: Civil cases related to disputes over property, marriage, money matters, purchase of goods etc. They also include the infringement or violating of rights of individuals.
Criminal cases: Criminal cases involve offences like robberies, murders, cheating, harassing of women beating, violence, kidnapping etc.
3. Describe the composition of Criminal Courts and Revenue Courts.
Answer: the composition of Criminal Courts and Revenue Courts are:
Criminal Courts: For criminal cases in a district, the highest court is the court of the Sessions Judge. Below this court, there are courts of Magistrate of First, Second and Third Class. In big cities like Delhi, Kolkata, first class magistrates are called Metropolitan Magistrates.
Revenue Courts: The highest revenue court in a district is the Board of Revenue which deals with the cases of land revenue. Courts of Commissioner, Collector, Tehsildar and Assistant Tehsildar work under the Board of Revenue which hears the final appeals against the lower revenue courts.
4. What qualifications are required to be a judge of the Supreme Court? How can a judge of the Supreme Court be removed?
Answer: The qualifications required to be a judge of the Supreme Court are:
A person must be a citizen of India.
A person must be a judge of the Hight Court/Court for a minimum period of 5 years.
Judge can be removed by the President on the basis of a resolution of impeachment passed by each house of the parliament by a special majority during the same session.
5. ‘India has a single unified and integrated judicial system.’ Explain.
Answer: The supreme Court is the head of the judicial system in India and it not only supervises but also controls the working of all other courts. There is only a single and same set of laws followed by all the courts. Cases from the lower courts can be taken to the high courts and finally to the supreme Court by way of appeal.
E. Answer the following questions.
1. Briefly describe any five powers and functions of the Supreme Court of India.
Answer: five powers and functions of the Supreme Court of India are:
Guardian of Our Constitution: The Supreme Court is the Guardian of our Constitution. So, the Court does not allow either the executive or the legislature to violate any provision of the Constitution.
Protector of Fundamental Rights: As Protector of Fundamental Rights, the Supreme Court may declare a law passed by the legislature null and void, if it encroaches upon the Fundamental Rights of the people.
Court of Record: The Supreme Court functions as the Court of Record under which the proceedings of the court are preserved.
Supervisory Jurisdiction: Supervisory jurisdiction empowers the Supreme Court to supervise the functioning of all the courts below it.
Advisory Jurisdiction: Advisory jurisdiction covers constitutional issues or matters of public importance if the President of India desires to obtain the opinion of the Supreme Court. Any such opinion given by the Supreme Court is not binding on the President.
2. Explain the main powers and functions of the High Courts.
Answer: the main powers and functions of the High Courts are:
High Court supervises Lower Court.
The High Court also has the power of Judicial Review.
The original jurisdiction of High Court cases involves violation of fundamental rights.
High Court is mainly a court of appeal both in civil and criminal cases brought before it against the decision of the lower courts.
The cases pertaining to marriage, divorce, laws, wills of the deceased persons etc. are also taken up by the High Court.
3. State the significance of Public Interest Litigation in the Indian judicial system.
Answer: The concept of Public Interest Litigation was devised by the Supreme Court of India to enable the poor and illiterate, who are in the vast majority in our country, to seek justice speedily and comfortably. Now any person from the public, whether directly affected or not, may write an ordinary letter or even a postcard to draw the attention of the High Court or the Supreme Court towards any matter of serious public importance. If the court is convinced that the matter is of public interest, it will take up and decide the case. PIL has proven to be a boon for the common man and has set right a number of wrongs committed by an individual or society.
4. Explain the concept of Lok Adalats? Why are they called People’s Courts?
Answer: Lok Adalats have been established to simplify the legal procedures, reduce the cost of litigation and to provide speedy justice. Lok Adalats are normally presided over by a retired judge. The disputing parties plead their cases themselves. No advocate or pleader is allowed to argue the case. Even witnesses are not examined. Efforts are made to settle disputes through compromise, mutual agreement and on-the-spot decisions.
Lok Adalats are called people’s courts because they are easily accessible to the common people.
5. Describe the composition of the High Court. Explain the qualifications, tenure and the method of removal of the High Court judges.
Answer: Composition: The High Court consists of a Chief Justice and some other judges. The number of judges varies from state to state, depending on its size and population. The Chief Justice of a High Court is appointed by the President of India in consultation with the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and the Governor of the concerned state. Similarly, the other judges are also appointed by the President on the advice of the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of State and the Chief Justice of the High Court of the concerned state.
Qualifications: Any citizen of India who has been an advocate in one or more High Courts for at least 10 years or holder of a judicial office in Subordinate Courts for a period of 10 years, is eligible for appointment as judge in a High Court.
Tenure: A judge may continue to remain in office till the attainment of 62 years of age.
Removal: The judges of the High Court can be removed from office by the President of India in the same manner as the judges of the Supreme Court through impeachment.
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Maths
Written section
Worksheet 3 chapter 12
2. Using ruler, compasses and protector, if necessary, construct the following quadrilaterals:
(i) a quadrilateral ABCD in which AB = 4 cm, BC = 4 cm, ∠A = 70°, ∠B = 80° and ∠C = 90°.
Answer (i):
(ii) a quadrilateral PQRS in which PQ = QR = 5 cm, ∠P = 100°, ∠Q = 80° and ∠R = 100°.
Answer (ii):
(iii) a quadrilateral ABCD in which AB = 5 cm, BC = 4 cm, ∠A = 80°, ∠B = 90°, ∠C = 100°.
Answer (iii):
Worksheet 4
1. Using ruler and compasses only, construct the following:
(i) A quadrilateral ABCD in which AB = CD = 5 cm, BC = 4.5 cm, ∠B = 45°, ∠C = 135°
Answer (i):
(iii) A quadrilateral PQRS in which PQ = 5 cm, QR = 4 cm, RS = 4.5 cm, ∠Q = 45° , ∠R = 135°
Answer (iii):
(iv) A quadrilateral MNRS in which MN = 4.5 cm, NR = 5 cm, RS = 6 cm, ∠N = 120°, ∠R = 60°.
Answer (iv):
(v) A quadrilateral ABCD in which AB = BC = CD = 6 cm and ∠B = 60°, ∠C = 120°.
Answer (v):
2. Using ruler, compasses and protractor if required, construct the following:
(i) A quadrilateral ABCD in whidh AB = 5 cm, BC = 4 cm, CD = 4.5 cm, ∠B = 70°, ∠C = 100°
Answer (i):
(ii) A quadrilateral PQRS in which PQ = 5 cm, QR = 6 cm, RS = 4 cm, ∠Q = 80°, ∠R = 100°.
Answer (ii):
(iii) A quadrilteral ABCD in which AB = 4 cm, BC = 5 cm, CD = 4.5 cm, ∠B = 85°, ∠C = 95°.
Answer (iii):
(iv) A quadrilateral ABCD in which AB = 4 cm, BC = 3 cm, CD = 4.5 cm, ∠B = 105°, ∠C = 80°.
Answer (iv):
More information about dav
Education for All:
DAV institutions have a long-standing commitment to providing education for all, regardless of socio-economic background. They have established schools in both urban and rural areas, reaching out to underserved communities and ensuring that education is accessible to a wide cross-section of the population.
Empowering Women:
DAV institutions have been pioneers in promoting gender equality and women's education. They have consistently emphasized the importance of empowering women through education, leading to the establishment of many girls' schools and colleges. DAV schools have played a crucial role in shaping the lives and careers of countless women, fostering independence and self-reliance.
Value-Based Education:
DAV schools are known for their value-based education. They impart not only academic knowledge but also instill a strong sense of ethics and morality in students. The emphasis on values such as honesty, integrity, and compassion prepares students to become responsible and compassionate individuals who contribute positively to society.
Modern Teaching Methods:
While rooted in tradition, DAV institutions have embraced modern teaching methods and technology. They have adapted to the changing educational landscape by incorporating digital tools, e-learning, and innovative pedagogical approaches. This commitment to staying current with educational trends ensures that DAV students receive a well-rounded education.
Global Recognition:
DAV institutions have gained recognition on the global stage. Many DAV alumni have gone on to achieve remarkable success not only in India but also internationally. They have made significant contributions in various fields, from academia and business to politics and the arts, bringing pride to the DAV legacy.
Contributions to National Development:
The alumni of DAV institutions have made substantial contributions to the development of India. They have been leaders, policymakers, scientists, entrepreneurs, artists, and professionals who have shaped the nation's progress. DAV's role in nurturing such talent is an integral part of its legacy.
Social Responsibility:
DAV institutions are not only focused on academic excellence but also on instilling a sense of social responsibility in students. They encourage students to engage in community service, volunteerism, and charitable initiatives. This approach helps in developing well-rounded individuals who care about the welfare of society.
Holistic Development:
DAV institutions prioritize holistic development, recognizing that education goes beyond textbooks. They provide opportunities for students to excel in sports, cultural activities, and extracurricular pursuits. This approach ensures that DAV students are not only academically proficient but also well-rounded individuals.
Exemplary Faculty:
The strength of DAV institutions lies in their dedicated and highly qualified faculty. Teachers at DAV schools and colleges are committed to imparting knowledge, nurturing talent, and guiding students toward a bright future.
Environmental Awareness:
Many DAV institutions are actively involved in promoting environmental awareness and sustainability. They often organize eco-friendly initiatives and programs that educate students about the importance of environmental conservation.
Parental Involvement:
DAV institutions encourage parental involvement in a child's education. They believe that a strong partnership between parents and the school is crucial for a child's success. Parent-teacher meetings and open communication channels are common practices in DAV schools.
Research and Innovation:
Several DAV colleges and universities have made notable contributions to research and innovation. They are at the forefront of scientific and technological advancements, contributing to the nation's knowledge and progress.
In conclusion, DAV (Dayanand Anglo-Vedic) institutions have a rich history and a strong legacy of providing quality education with a focus on values and holistic development. Their commitment to education for all, gender equality, and social responsibility sets them apart. DAV institutions continue to shape the future of India by producing individuals who are not only academically competent but also ethically and culturally enriched, ready to contribute to the betterment of society.
Information about social science.
Social science is a diverse and multifaceted field of study that explores various aspects of human society and behavior. It encompasses a wide range of disciplines, each contributing to our understanding of how societies function, evolve, and interact. This comprehensive overview will provide insights into the major branches of social science and their significance.
**1. Sociology:** Sociology is the scientific study of society, human behavior, and the relationships between individuals and groups. Sociologists examine social institutions, cultural norms, and societal changes. They investigate topics like family dynamics, inequality, and the impact of technology on society. Sociology helps us better comprehend the complexities of human interaction and societal structures.
**2. Psychology:** Psychology focuses on understanding the human mind and behavior. Psychologists study a wide array of topics, including cognitive processes, emotional development, mental disorders, and behavior therapy. The field of psychology has applications in clinical settings, education, marketing, and more, contributing to the well-being and understanding of individuals.
**3. Economics:** Economics is the study of how societies allocate resources to meet their needs. It delves into topics like supply and demand, market structures, economic policy, and wealth distribution. Economists play a critical role in shaping government policies, businesses, and global financial markets.
**4. Political Science:** Political science examines the theory and practice of politics, governance, and the functioning of political systems. It encompasses topics such as political theory, international relations, public policy, and the behavior of political institutions. Political scientists analyze the functioning of governments, political ideologies, and the dynamics of international diplomacy.
**5. Anthropology:** Anthropology is the study of human societies, cultures, and their development. Anthropologists explore topics like cultural diversity, human evolution, archaeology, and ethnographic research. They provide insights into the origins of humanity, cultural practices, and the impact of globalization on different societies.
**6. History:** History is the study of past events, developments, and their consequences. Historians research various time periods, examining the political, social, and cultural changes that have shaped human societies. Historical knowledge helps us understand the roots of contemporary issues and make informed decisions.
**7. Geography:** Geography explores the Earth's physical features, landscapes, and the interactions between humans and their environment. It includes branches like human geography, physical geography, and geographic information systems (GIS). Geography is crucial for understanding climate change, urban planning, and the distribution of resources.
**8. Education:** The field of education focuses on the study of teaching and learning. Educators and researchers in this discipline work to enhance educational practices, curriculum development, and educational policy. They play a pivotal role in shaping the future of education and ensuring the effective transmission of knowledge.
**9. Communication Studies:** Communication studies analyze the process of human communication, encompassing verbal, non-verbal, and mass communication. Topics include rhetoric, media studies, interpersonal communication, and the impact of communication technologies. Understanding effective communication is essential in our interconnected, information-driven world.
**10. Linguistics:** Linguistics is the scientific study of language, encompassing its structure, meaning, and usage. Linguists investigate language development, sociolinguistics, and the evolution of languages. Their work has implications for language preservation, translation, and education.
**11. Environmental Science:** Environmental science focuses on the study of the environment, ecology, and the impact of human activities on the natural world. Environmental scientists work to address environmental issues, such as climate change, conservation, and sustainability.
**12. Criminology:** Criminology explores the causes, consequences, and prevention of criminal behavior. Criminologists investigate the criminal justice system, criminal psychology, and the impact of crime on society. Their research contributes to more effective law enforcement and criminal justice policies.
Social science plays a crucial role in addressing societal challenges, informing public policy, and advancing our understanding of human behavior. Its interdisciplinary nature allows for a holistic approach to studying complex social issues. By applying scientific methodo
logies and critical thinking, social scientists contribute to a more informed and equitable society.
Information about maths
Mathematics is a fundamental and universal language that plays a vital role in our everyday lives, shaping the way we understand and interact with the world around us. It is a discipline that encompasses a wide range of concepts, theories, and applications, and its importance extends beyond the confines of the classroom. In this article, we will explore mathematics and its significance in approximately 500 words.
**Mathematics as a Universal Language:**
Mathematics is often described as the universal language. It transcends cultural, linguistic, and geographical barriers, providing a common framework for expressing and solving problems. It is the foundation of all the natural sciences and is crucial in understanding the physical world. Mathematicians and scientists across the globe communicate and collaborate using mathematical principles.
**Key Branches of Mathematics:**
Mathematics is a vast field, with numerous branches, each serving a unique purpose. Some of the key branches of mathematics include:
1. **Arithmetic:** Arithmetic is the most basic branch of mathematics and deals with the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
2. **Algebra:** Algebra focuses on solving equations and manipulating symbols to represent general relationships between quantities.
3. **Geometry:** Geometry explores the properties of shapes, sizes, and the relationships between points, lines, and angles.
4. **Calculus:** Calculus deals with change and motion and includes concepts such as differentiation and integration.
5. **Statistics:** Statistics involves collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data to make informed decisions and predictions.
6. **Linear Algebra:** Linear algebra studies vectors and linear equations and is fundamental in areas like computer graphics and engineering.
7. **Number Theory:** Number theory examines the properties and relationships of integers and plays a significant role in cryptography.
8. **Differential Equations:** Differential equations describe change over time and are used extensively in physics, engineering, and biology.
**Applications of Mathematics:**
Mathematics is not confined to textbooks and classrooms; its applications are virtually limitless. Here are some areas where mathematics plays a crucial role:
1. **Science:** Mathematics is the language of science. It is used in physics, chemistry, biology, and other natural sciences to model and understand the behavior of the physical world.
2. **Engineering:** Engineers apply mathematical principles to design structures, machines, and systems that improve our daily lives, from bridges to smartphones.
3. **Technology:** Mathematics is the foundation of computer science and information technology. Algorithms and data structures are essential for software development.
4. **Finance:** In the world of finance, mathematics is used for risk assessment, investment analysis, and the development of complex financial models.
5. **Medicine:** Medical professionals use mathematical modeling to understand disease spread, optimize treatment, and interpret medical data.
6. **Economics:** Economists rely on mathematical models to analyze economic trends, forecast economic growth, and evaluate the impact of policies.
7. **Astronomy:** Astronomy uses mathematics to calculate planetary orbits, analyze light from distant stars, and predict celestial events.
8. **Artificial Intelligence:** AI and machine learning depend on mathematical algorithms and statistical methods for pattern recognition and decision-making.
9. **Environmental Science:** Mathematics is used to model and predict environmental changes, such as climate patterns and ecological dynamics.
10. **Cryptology:** In an increasingly digital world, mathematics is crucial for developing encryption algorithms to protect sensitive information.
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**The Role of Mathematics in Problem Solving:**
One of the most essential roles of mathematics is problem-solving. It equips individuals with the analytical tools and logical reasoning needed to address challenges in various aspects of life. Whether it's balancing a checkbook, solving complex scientific problems, or optimizing business operations, mathematics provides a structured and systematic approach to finding solutions.
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**Conclusion:**
In summary, mathematics is a universal language that underpins nearly every aspect of our lives. Its various branches and applications make it an indispensable tool in fields as diverse as science, technology, economics, and the arts. Mathematics empowers individuals to think critically, analyze data, and solve complex problems, contributing to the progress and advancement of societies worldwide. Whether you are a student learning the basics or a seasoned mathematician working on cutting-edge research, mathematics continues to shape our world and expand our understanding of it.
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