Social science
Written section and learn section
Chapter 7
E part
E. Answer the following questions.
1. Explain relief and climate as factors affecting the distribution of population.
Answer: Relief: High mountains, rugged terrain and rocky plateau restrict human settlement. Transportation is very difficult and the living conditions are not very favourable.
Climate: People prefer to live in regions where temperature and rainfall is moderate. Excessive heat, cold, dryness or wetness cause discomfort.
2. How do minerals and industries affect the distribution of population? Explain.
Answer: Minerals and industries affect the distribution of population in these ways:
Minerals: The presence of minerals like coal and iron ore in different parts of the world has attracted huge population in these areas because these minerals are required for iron and steel industry.
Industries: Development of industries in any region has a very favourable impact on employment opportunities. Industrial hubs attract people from far-off places.
3. What is meant by literacy rate? Why is it considered an important indicator in population composition?
Answer: Literary rate is the percentage of people who can read and write in a certain country.
It is considered an important indicator in population composition as it affects the socio-economic development of a nation.
4. Define sex-ratio. What are the reasons for the declining sex-ratio in India?
Answer: Sex ratio is the ratio between the number of females and males in a population.
The reasons for the declining sex-ratio in India are:
Preference for male child due to social, economic and religious reasons.
Infant mortality is higher among girls than among boys because of lack of proper medical facilities.
General neglect of female children during childhood is largely responsible for high female mortality rate.
Pre-natal sex determination tests, inspite of ban, continue to large scale practice of female foeticide.
5. Which states of India have high density of population and why? Suggest ways and means to check it.
Answer: Bihar (1102), West Bengal (1029), Kerala (859), Uttar Pradesh (828) are states with high density of population because of favourable climatic conditions, rich fertile soil, well developed agriculture and a high level of industrialisation.
Some ways to check the population are:
Minimum age of marriage norms must be strictly followed.
Family planning must be encouraged; people must be made aware of different methods of birth control.
Female literacy rate and education must be increased because educated people have a better outlook towards family size.
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Information about social science.
Social science is a diverse and multifaceted field of study that explores various aspects of human society and behavior. It encompasses a wide range of disciplines, each contributing to our understanding of how societies function, evolve, and interact. This comprehensive overview will provide insights into the major branches of social science and their significance.
**1. Sociology:** Sociology is the scientific study of society, human behavior, and the relationships between individuals and groups. Sociologists examine social institutions, cultural norms, and societal changes. They investigate topics like family dynamics, inequality, and the impact of technology on society. Sociology helps us better comprehend the complexities of human interaction and societal structures.
**2. Psychology:** Psychology focuses on understanding the human mind and behavior. Psychologists study a wide array of topics, including cognitive processes, emotional development, mental disorders, and behavior therapy. The field of psychology has applications in clinical settings, education, marketing, and more, contributing to the well-being and understanding of individuals.
**3. Economics:** Economics is the study of how societies allocate resources to meet their needs. It delves into topics like supply and demand, market structures, economic policy, and wealth distribution. Economists play a critical role in shaping government policies, businesses, and global financial markets.
**4. Political Science:** Political science examines the theory and practice of politics, governance, and the functioning of political systems. It encompasses topics such as political theory, international relations, public policy, and the behavior of political institutions. Political scientists analyze the functioning of governments, political ideologies, and the dynamics of international diplomacy.
**5. Anthropology:** Anthropology is the study of human societies, cultures, and their development. Anthropologists explore topics like cultural diversity, human evolution, archaeology, and ethnographic research. They provide insights into the origins of humanity, cultural practices, and the impact of globalization on different societies.
**6. History:** History is the study of past events, developments, and their consequences. Historians research various time periods, examining the political, social, and cultural changes that have shaped human societies. Historical knowledge helps us understand the roots of contemporary issues and make informed decisions.
**7. Geography:** Geography explores the Earth's physical features, landscapes, and the interactions between humans and their environment. It includes branches like human geography, physical geography, and geographic information systems (GIS). Geography is crucial for understanding climate change, urban planning, and the distribution of resources.
**8. Education:** The field of education focuses on the study of teaching and learning. Educators and researchers in this discipline work to enhance educational practices, curriculum development, and educational policy. They play a pivotal role in shaping the future of education and ensuring the effective transmission of knowledge.
**9. Communication Studies:** Communication studies analyze the process of human communication, encompassing verbal, non-verbal, and mass communication. Topics include rhetoric, media studies, interpersonal communication, and the impact of communication technologies. Understanding effective communication is essential in our interconnected, information-driven world.
**10. Linguistics:** Linguistics is the scientific study of language, encompassing its structure, meaning, and usage. Linguists investigate language development, sociolinguistics, and the evolution of languages. Their work has implications for language preservation, translation, and education.
**11. Environmental Science:** Environmental science focuses on the study of the environment, ecology, and the impact of human activities on the natural world. Environmental scientists work to address environmental issues, such as climate change, conservation, and sustainability.
**12. Criminology:** Criminology explores the causes, consequences, and prevention of criminal behavior. Criminologists investigate the criminal justice system, criminal psychology, and the impact of crime on society. Their research contributes to more effective law enforcement and criminal justice policies.
Social science plays a crucial role in addressing societal challenges, informing public policy, and advancing our understanding of human behavior. Its interdisciplinary nature allows for a holistic approach to studying complex social issues. By applying scientific methodologies and critical thinking, social scientists contribute to a more informed and equitable society.
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